第十一章 劳动贫民

[1] The weaver Hauffe, born 1807, quoted in Alexander Schneer, Ueber die Moth der Leinen-Arbeiter in Schle-lesien . . . (Berlin 1844), p. 16.

[2] The theologian P. D. Michele Augusti, Della libertà ed eguaglianza degli uomini nell’ordine naturale e civile (1790), quoted in A. Cherubini, Dottrine e Metodi Assistenziali dal 1789 al 1848 (Milan 1958), p. 17.

[3] E. J. Hobsbawn, The Machine Breakers, Past and Present, I, 1952.

[4] ‘About some Lancashire Lads’ in The Leisure Hour (1881). I owe this reference to Mr A. Jenkin.

[5] ‘die Schnapspest im ersten Drittel des Jahrhunderts’, Handwoerterbuch d Staatswissenschaften (Seconded.) art.‘ Trunksucht’.

[6] L. Chevalier, Classes Laborieuses et Classes Dangereuses, passim.

[7] J. B. Russell, Public Health Administration in Glasgow (1903), p. 3.

[9] E. Neuss, Entstehung u. Entwicklung d.Klasse d. besitzlosen Lohnarbeiter in Halle (Berlin 1958), p. 283.

[10] J. Kuczynski, Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter (Berlin 1960), Vol. 9, p. 264 ff; Vol. 8 (1960), p. 109 ff.

[11] R. J. Rath, The Habsburgs and the Great Depression in Lombardo-Venetia 1814—18. Journal of Modern History, XIII, p. 311.

[12] M. C. Muehlemann, Les prix des vivres et Ie mouvement de la population dans Ie canton de Berne 1782—1881. IV Congrès International d’Hygiène (1883).

[13] F. J. Neumann, Zur Lehre von d Lohngesetzen, Jb.f.Nat.Oek. 3d ser. IV 1892, p. 374 ff.

[14] R. Scheer, Entwicklung d Annaberger Posamentierindustrie im 19. Jahrhundert.(Leipzig 1909), pp. 27—8, 33.

[15] N. McCord, The Anti-Corn Law League (1958), p. 127.

[16] ‘Par contre, il est sur que la situation alimentaire, à Paris, s’est deteriorée peu à peu avec le XIX siècle, sans doute jusqu’au voisinage des années 50 ou 60.’ R. Philippe in Annales 16, 3, 1961, 567, For analogous calculations for London, cf. E. J. Hobsbawm, The British Standard of Living, Economic History Review, X, 1, 1957. The total per capita meat consumption of France appears to have remained virtually unchanged from 1812 to 1840(Congrés Internationale d’Hygiène Paris 1878 (1880), vol. I, p. 432).

[17] S. Pollard, A History of Labour in Sheffield (i960), pp. 62—3.

[18] H. Ashworth in Journal Stat. Soc. V (1842), p. 74; E. Labrousse, ed. Aspects de la Crise . . . 1846—51 (1956),p. 107.

[19] Statistical Committee appointed by the Anti-Corn Law Conference . . . March 1842 (n.d.), p. 45.

[20] Quoted in A. E. Musson, The Ideology of Early Co-operation in Lancashire and Cheshire; Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, LXVIII, 1958, p. 120.

[21] A. Williams, Folksongs of the Upper Thames (1923), p. 105 prints a similar version rather more class conscious.

[22] A. Briggs, The Language of ‘class’in early nineteenth century England, in A. Briggs and J. Saville ed., Essays in Labour History (1960);E. Labrousse, Le mouvement ouvrier et les Idées sociales, III (Cours de la Sorbonne), pp. 168—9; E. Coornaert, La pensée ouvrière et la conscience de classe en France 1830—48, in Studi in Onore di Gino Luzzato, III (Milan 1950), p. 28; G. D. H. Cole, Attempts at General Union (1953), p. 161.

[23] A. Soboul, Les Sansculottes de Paris en l’an II (1958), p. 660.

[24] S. Pollard, op. cit. pp. 48—9.

[25] Th. Mundt, Der dritte Stand in Deutschland und Preussen . . . (Berlin 1847), p. 4, quoted by J. Kuczynski, Gesch.d.Lage d. Arbeiter 9, p. 169.

[26] Karl Biedermann, Vorlesungcn ueber Socialismus und sociale Fragen (Leipzig 1847), quoted Kuczynski, op. cit., p. 71

[27] M. Tylecote, The Mechanics’ Institutes of Lancashire before 1857(1957), VIII.

[28] Quoted in Revue Historique CCXXI (1959), p. 138.

[30] W. E. Adams, Memoirs of a Social Atom, I, pp. 163—5, (London 1903).